Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species
of Wild Animals
The Contracting Parties,
RECOGNIZING that wild animals in their innumerable
forms are an irreplaceable part of the earth's natural system which must be
conserved for the good of mankind;
AWARE that each generation of man holds the resources
of the earth for future generations and has an obligation to ensure that this
legacy is conserved and, where utilized, is used wisely;
CONSCIOUS of the ever-growing value of wild animals
from environmental, ecological, genetic, scientific, aesthetic, recreational,
cultural, educational, social and economic points of view;
CONCERNED particularly with those species of wild
animals that migrate across or outside national jurisdictional boundaries;
RECOGNIZING that the States are and must be the
protectors of the migratory species of wild animals that live within or pass
through their national jurisdictional boundaries;
CONVINCED that conservation and effective management
of migratory species of wild animals require the concerted action of all States
within the national jurisdictional boundaries of which such species spend any
part of their life cycle;
RECALLING Recommendation 32 of the Action Plan
adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm,
1972) and noted with satisfaction at the Twenty-seventh Session of the General
Assembly of the United Nations,
HAVE AGREED as follows:
Article I
Interpretation
1. For the purpose of this Convention:
a) "Migratory species" means the entire
population or any geographically separate part of the population of any species
or lower taxon of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose members
cyclically and predictably cross one or more national jurisdictional
boundaries;
b) "Conservation status of a migratory
species" means the sum of the influences acting on the migratory species
that may affect its long-term distribution and abundance;
c) "Conservation status" will be taken as
"favourable" when:
(1) population dynamics data indicate that the
migratory species is maintaining itself on a long-term basis as a viable
component of its ecosystems;
(2) the range of the migratory species is neither
currently being reduced, nor is likely to be reduced, on a long-term basis;
(3) there is, and will be in the foreseeable future
sufficient habitat to maintain the population of the migratory species on a
long-term basis; and
(4) the distribution and abundance of the migratory
species approach historic coverage and levels to the extent that potentially
suitable ecosystems exist and to the extent consistent with wise wildlife
management;
d) "Conservation status" will be taken as
"unfavourable" if any of the conditions set out in sub-paragraph (c)
of this paragraph is not met;
e) "Endangered" in relation to a particular
migratory species means that the migratory species is in danger of extinction
throughout all or a significant portion of its range;
f) "Range" means all the areas of land or
water that a migratory species inhabits, stays in temporarily, crosses or
overflies at any time on its normal migration route;
g) "Habitat" means any area in the range of
a migratory species which contains suitable living conditions for that species;
h) "Range State" in relation to a
particular migratory species means any State (and where appropriate any other
Party referred to under subparagraph (k) of this paragraph) that exercises
jurisdiction over any part of the range of that migratory species, or a State,
flag vessels of which are engaged outside national jurisdictional limits in
taking that migratory species;
i) "Taking" means taking, hunting, fishing
capturing, harassing, deliberate killing, or attempting to engage in any such
conduct;
j) "Agreement" means an international
agreement relating to the conservation of one or more migratory species as
provided for in Articles IV and V of this Convention; and
k) "Party" means a State or any regional
economic integration organization constituted by sovereign States which has
competence in respect of the negotiation, conclusion and application of
international Agreements in matters covered by this Convention for which this
Convention is in force.
2. In matters within their competence, the regional
economic integration organizations which are Parties to this Convention shall
in their own name exercise the rights and fulfil the responsibilities which
this Convention attributes to their member States. In such cases the member
States of these organizations shall not be entitled to exercise such rights
individually.
3. Where this Convention provides for a decision to
be taken by either a two-thirds majority or a unanimous decision of "the
Parties present and voting" this shall mean "the Parties present and
casting an affirmative or negative vote". Those abstaining from voting
shall not be counted amongst "the Parties present and voting" in
determining the majority.
Article II
Fundamental Principles
1. The Parties acknowledge the importance of
migratory species being conserved and of Range States agreeing to take action
to this end whenever possible and appropriate, paying special attention to
migratory species the conservation status of which is unfavourable, and taking
individually or in co-operation appropriate and necessary steps to conserve
such species and their habitat.
2. The Parties acknowledge the need to take action to
avoid any migratory species becoming endangered.
3. In particular, the Parties:
a) should promote, co-operate in and support research
relating to migratory species;
b) shall endeavour to provide immediate protection
for migratory species included in Appendix I; and
c) shall endeavour to conclude Agreements covering
the conservation and management of migratory species included in Appendix II.
Article III
Endangered Migratory Species: Appendix I
1. Appendix I shall list migratory species which are
endangered.
2. A migratory species may be listed in Appendix I
provided that reliable evidence, including the best scientific evidence
available, indicates that the species is endangered.
3. A migratory species may be removed from Appendix I
when the Conference of the Parties determines that:
a) reliable evidence, including the best scientific
evidence available, indicates that the species is no longer endangered, and
b) the species is not likely to become endangered
again because of loss of protection due to its removal from Appendix I.
4. Parties that are Range States of a migratory
species listed in Appendix I shall endeavour:
a) to conserve and, where feasible and appropriate,
restore those habitats of the species which are of importance in removing the
species from danger of extinction;
b) to prevent, remove, compensate for or minimize, as
appropriate, the adverse effects of activities or obstacles that seriously
impede or prevent the migration of the species; and
c) to the extent feasible and appropriate, to
prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering or are likely to
further endanger the species, including strictly controlling the introduction
of, or controlling or eliminating, already introduced exotic species.
5. Parties that are Range States of a migratory
species listed in Appendix I shall prohibit the taking of animals belonging to
such species. Exceptions may be made to this prohibition only if:
a) the taking is for scientific purposes;
b) the taking is for the purpose of enhancing the
propagation or survival of the affected species;
c) the taking is to accommodate the needs of
traditional subsistence users of such species; or
d) extraordinary circumstances so require; provided
that such exceptions are precise as to content and limited in space and time.
Such taking should not operate to the disadvantage of the species.
6. The Conferences of the Parties may recommend to
the Parties that are Range States of a migratory species listed in Appendix I
that they take further measures considered appropriate to benefit the species.
7. The Parties shall as soon as possible inform the
Secretariat of any exceptions made pursuant to paragraph 5 of this Article.
Article IV
Migratory Species to be the Subject of Agreements:
Appendix II
1. Appendix II shall list migratory species which
have an unfavourable conservation status and which require international
agreements for their conservation and management, as well as those which have a
conservation status which would significantly benefit from the international
cooperation that could be achieved by an international agreement.
2. If the circumstances so warrant, a migratory
species may be listed both in Appendix I and Appendix II.
3. Parties that are Range States of migratory species
listed in Appendix II shall endeavour to conclude Agreements where these should
benefit the species and should give priority to those species in an
unfavourable conservation status.
4. Parties are encouraged to take action with a view
to concluding agreements for any population or any geographically separate part
of the population of any species or lower taxon of wild animals, members of
which periodically cross one or more national jurisdiction boundaries.
5. The Secretariat shall be provided with a copy of
each Agreement concluded pursuant to the provisions of this Article.
Article V
Guidelines for Agreements
1. The object of each Agreement shall be to restore
the migratory species concerned to a favourable conservation status or to
maintain it in such a status. Each Agreement should deal with those aspects of
the conservation and management of the migratory species concerned which serve
to achieve that object.
2. Each Agreement should cover the whole of the range
of the migratory species concerned and should be open to accession by all Range
States of that species, whether or not they are Parties to this Convention.
3. An Agreement should, wherever possible, deal with
more than one migratory species.
4. Each Agreement should:
a) identify the migratory species covered;
b) describe the range and migration route of the
migratory species;
c) provide for each Party to designate its national
authority concerned with the implementation of the Agreement.
d) establish, if necessary, appropriate machinery to
assist in carrying out the aims of the Agreement, to monitor its effectiveness,
and to prepare reports for the Conference of the Parties;
e) provide for procedures for the settlement of disputes
between Parties to the Agreement; and
f) at a minimum, prohibit, in relation to a migratory
species of the Order Cetacea, any taking that is not permitted for that
migratory species under any other multilateral Agreement and provide for
accession to the Agreement by States that are not Range States of that
migratory species.
5. Where appropriate and feasible, each Agreement
should provide for but not be limited to:
a) periodic review of the conservation status of the
migratory species concerned and the identification of the factors which may be
harmful to that status;
b) co-ordinated conservation and management plans;
c) research into the ecology and population dynamics
of the migratory species concerned, with special regard to migration;
d) the exchange of information on the migratory
species concerned, special regard being paid to the exchange of the results of
research and of relevant statistics;
e) conservation and, where required and feasible,
restoration of the habitats of importance in maintaining a favourable
conservation status, and protection of such habitats from disturbances,
including strict control of the introduction of, or control of already
introduced, exotic species detrimental to the migratory species;
f) maintenance of a network of suitable habitats
appropriately disposed in relation to the migration routes;
g) where it appears desirable, the provision of new
habitats favourable to the migratory species or reintroduction of the migratory
species into favourable habitats;
h) elimination of, to the maximum extent possible, or
compensation for activities and obstacles which hinder or impede migration;
i) prevention, reduction or control of the release
into the habitat of the migratory species of substances harmful to that
migratory species;
j) measures based on sound ecological principles to
control and manage the taking of the migratory species;
k) procedures for co-ordinating action to suppress
illegal taking;
l) exchange of information on substantial threats to
the migratory species;
m) emergency procedures whereby conservation action
would be considerably and rapidly strengthened when the conservation status of
the migratory species is seriously affected; and
n) making the general public aware of the contents
and aims of the Agreement.
Article VI
Range States
1. A list of the Range States of migratory species
listed in Appendices I and II shall be kept up to date by the Secretariat using
information it has received from the Parties.
2. The Parties shall keep the Secretariat informed in
regard to which of the migratory species listed in Appendices I and II they
consider themselves to be Range States, including provision of information on
their flag vessels engaged outside national jurisdictional limits in taking the
migratory species concerned and, where possible, future plans in respect of
such taking.
3. The Parties which are Range States for migratory
species listed in Appendix I or Appendix II should inform the Conference of the
Parties through the Secretariat, at least six months prior to each ordinary
meeting of the Conference, on measures that they are taking to implement the
provisions of this Convention for these species.
Article VII
The Conference of the Parties
1. The Conference of the Parties shall be the
decision-making organ of this Convention.
2. The Secretariat shall call a meeting of the
Conference of the Parties not later than two years after the entry into force
of this Convention.
3. Thereafter the Secretariat shall convene ordinary
meetings of the Conference of the Parties at intervals of not more than three
years, unless the Conference decides otherwise, and extraordinary meetings at
any time on the written request of at least one-third of the Parties.
4. The Conference of the Parties shall establish and
keep under review the financial regulations of this Convention. The Conference
of the Parties shall, at each of its ordinary meetings, adopt the budget for
the next financial period. Each Party shall contribute to this budget according
to a scale to be agreed upon by the Conference. Financial regulations,
including the provisions on the budget and the scale of contributions as well
as their modifications, shall be adopted by unanimous vote of the Parties
present and voting.
5. At each of its meetings the Conference of the
Parties shall review the implementation of this Convention and may in
particular:
a) review and assess the conservation status of
migratory species;
b) review the progress made towards the conservation
of migratory species, especially those listed in Appendices I and II;
c) make such provision and provide such guidance as
may be necessary to enable the Scientific Council and the Secretariat to carry
out their duties;
d) receive and consider any reports presented by the
Scientific Council, the Secretariat, any Party or any standing body established
pursuant to an Agreement;
e) make recommendations to the Parties for improving
the conservation status of migratory species and review the progress being made
under Agreements;
f) in those cases where an Agreement has not been
concluded, make recommendations for the convening of meetings of the Parties
that are Range States of a migratory species or group of migratory species to
discuss measures to improve the conservation status of the species;
g) make recommendations to the Parties for improving
the effectiveness of this Convention; and
h) decide on any additional measure that should be
taken to implement the objectives of this Convention.
6. Each meeting of the Conference of the Parties
should determine the time and venue of the next meeting.
7. Any meeting of the Conference of the Parties shall
determine and adopt rules of procedure for that meeting. Decisions at a meeting
of the Conference of the Parties shall require a two-thirds majority of the
Parties present and voting, except where otherwise provided for by this
Convention.
8. The United Nations, its Specialized Agencies, the
International Atomic Energy Agency, as well as any State not a party to this
Convention and, for each Agreement, the body designated by the parties to that
Agreement, may be represented by observers at meetings of the Conference of the
Parties.
9. Any agency or body technically qualified in
protection, conservation and management of migratory species, in the following
categories, which has informed the Secretariat of its desire to be represented
at meetings of the Conference of the Parties by observers, shall be admitted
unless at least one-third of the Parties present object:
a) international agencies or bodies, either
governmental or non-governmental, and national governmental agencies and
bodies; and
b) national non-governmental agencies or bodies which
have been approved for this purpose by the State in which they are located.
Once admitted, these observers shall have the right
to participate but not to vote.
Article VIII
The Scientific Council
1. At its first meeting, the Conference of the
Parties shall establish a Scientific Council to provide advice on scientific
matters.
2. Any Party may appoint a qualified expert as a
member of the Scientific Council. In addition, the Scientific Council shall
include as members qualified experts selected and appointed by the Conference
of the Parties; the number of these experts, the criteria for their selection
and the terms of their appointments shall be as determined by the Conference of
the Parties.
3. The Scientific Council shall meet at the request
of the Secretariat as required by the Conference of the Parties.
4. Subject to the approval of the Conference of the
Parties, the Scientific Council shall establish its own rules of procedure.
5. The Conference of the Parties shall determine the
functions of the Scientific Council, which may include:
a) providing scientific advice to the Conference of
the Parties, to the Secretariat, and, if approved by the Conference of the
Parties, to any body set up under this Convention or an Agreement or to any
Party;
b) recommending research and the co-ordination of
research on migratory species, evaluating the results of such research in order
to ascertain the conservation status of migratory species and reporting to the
Conference of the Parties on such status and measures for its improvement;
c) making recommendations to the Conference of the
Parties as to the migratory species to be included in Appendices I and II,
together with an indication of the range of such migratory species;
d) making recommendations to the Conference of the
Parties as to specific conservation and management measures to be included in
Agreements on migratory species; and
e) recommending to the Conference of the Parties
solutions to problems relating to the scientific aspects of the implementation
of this Convention, in particular with regard to the habitats of migratory
species.
Article IX
The Secretariat
1. For the purposes of this Convention a Secretariat
shall be established.
2. Upon entry into force of this Convention, the
Secretariat is provided by the Executive Director of the United Nations
Environment Programme. To the extent and in the manner he considers
appropriate, he may be assisted by suitable intergovernmental or non-governmental,
international or national agencies and bodies technically qualified in
protection, conservation and management of wild animals.
3. If the United Nations Environment Programme is no
longer able to provide the Secretariat, the Conference of the Parties shall
make alternative arrangements for the Secretariat.
4. The functions of the Secretariat shall be:
a) to arrange for and service meetings: (i) of the
Conference of the Parties, and (ii) of the Scientific Council;
b) to maintain liaison with and promote liaison
between the Parties, the standing bodies set up under Agreements and other
international organizations concerned with migratory species;
c) to obtain from any appropriate source reports and
other information which will further the objectives and implementation of this
Convention and to arrange for the appropriate dissemination of such
information;
d) to invite the attention of the Conference of the
Parties to any matter pertaining to the objectives of this Convention;
e) to prepare for the Conference of the Parties
reports on the work of the Secretariat and on the implementation of this
Convention;
f) to maintain and publish a list of Range States of
all migratory species included in Appendices I and II;
g) to promote, under the direction of the Conference
of the Parties, the conclusion of Agreements,
h) to maintain and make available to the Parties a
list of Agreements and, if so required by the Conference of the Parties, to
provide any information on such Agreements;
i) to maintain and publish a list of the
recommendations made by the Conference of the Parties pursuant to
sub-paragraphs (e), (f) and (g) of paragraph 5 of Article VII or of decisions
made pursuant to sub-paragraph (h) of that paragraph;
j) to provide for the general public information
concerning this Convention and its objectives; and
k) to perform any other function entrusted to it
under this Convention or by the Conference of the Parties.
Article X
Amendment of the Convention
1. This Convention may be amended at any ordinary or
extraordinary meeting of the Conference of the Parties.
2. Proposals for amendment may be made by any Party.
3. The text of any proposed amendment and the reasons
for it shall be communicated to the Secretary at least one hundred and fifty
days before the meeting at which it is to be considered and shall promptly be
communicated by the Secretary to all Parties. Any comments on the text by the
Parties shall be communicated to the Secretariat not less than sixty days
before the meeting begins. The Secretariat shall, immediately after the last
day for submission of comments, communicate to the Parties all comments
submitted by that day.
4. Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds
majority of Parties present and voting.
5. An amendment adopted shall enter into force for
all Parties which have accepted it on the first day of the third month
following the date on which two-thirds of the Parties have deposited an
instrument of acceptance with the Depositary. For each Party which deposits an
instrument of acceptance after the date on which two-thirds of the Parties have
deposited an instrument of acceptance, the amendment shall enter into force for
that Party on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its
instrument of acceptance.
Article XI
Amendment of the Appendices
1. Appendices I and II may be amended at any ordinary
or extraordinary meeting of the Conference of the Parties.
2. Proposals for amendment may be made by any Party.
3. The text of any proposed amendment and the reasons
for it, based on the best scientific evidence available, shall be communicated
to the Secretariat at least one hundred and fifty days before the meeting and
shall promptly be communicated by the Secretariat to all Parties. Any comments
on the text by the Parties shall be communicated to the Secretariat not less
than sixty days before the meeting begins. The Secretariat shall, immediately
after the last day for submission of comments, communicate to the Parties all
comments submitted by that day.
4. Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds
majority of Parties present and voting.
5. An amendment to the Appendices shall enter into
force for all Parties ninety days after the meeting of the Conference of the
Parties at which it was adopted, except for those Parties which make a
reservation in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Article.
6. During the period of ninety days provided for in
paragraph 5 of this Article, any Party may by notification in writing to the
Depositary make a reservation with respect to the amendment. A reservation to
an amendment may be withdrawn by written notification to the Depositary and
thereupon the amendment shall enter into force for that Party ninety days after
the reservation is withdrawn.
Article XII
Effect on International Conventions and Other
Legislation
1. Nothing in this Convention shall prejudice the
codification and development of the law of the sea by the United Nations
Conference on the Law of the Sea convened pursuant to Resolution 2750 C (XXV)
of the General Assembly of the United Nations nor the present or future claims
and legal views of any State concerning the law of the sea and the nature and
extent of coastal and flag State jurisdiction.
2. The provisions of this Convention shall in no way
affect the rights or obligations of any Party deriving from any existing
treaty, convention or Agreement.
3. The provisions of this Convention shall in no way
affect the right of Parties to adopt stricter domestic measures concerning the
conservation of migratory species listed in Appendices I and II or to adopt
domestic measures concerning the conservation of species not listed in
Appendices I and II.
Article XIII
Settlement of Disputes
1. Any dispute which may arise between two or more
Parties with respect to the interpretation or application of the provisions of
this Convention shall be subject to negotiation between the Parties involved in
the dispute.
2. If the dispute cannot be resolved in accordance
with paragraph 1 of this Article, the Parties may, by mutual consent, submit
the dispute to arbitration, in particular that of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration at The Hague, and the Parties submitting the dispute shall be bound
by the arbitral decision.
Article XIV
Reservations
1. The provisions of this Convention shall not be
subject to general reservations. Specific reservations may be entered in
accordance with the provisions of this Article and Article XI.
2. Any State or regional economic integration
organization may, on depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession, enter a specific reservation with regard to the presence
on either Appendix I or Appendix II or both, of any migratory species and shall
then not be regarded as a Party in regard to the subject of that reservation
until ninety days after the Depositary has transmitted to the Parties
notification that such reservation has been withdrawn.
Article XV
Signature
This Convention shall be open for signature at Bonn
for all States and any regional economic integration organization until the
twenty-second day of June, 1980.
Article XVI
Ratification, Acceptance, Approval
This Convention shall be subject to ratification,
acceptance or approval. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval
shall be deposited with the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany,
which shall be the Depositary.
Article XVII
Accession
After the twenty-second day of June 1980 this
Convention shall be open for accession by all non-signatory States and any
regional economic integration organization. Instruments of accession shall be
deposited with the Depositary.
Article XVIII
Entry into Force
1. This Convention shall enter into force on the
first day of the third month following the date of deposit of the fifteenth
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the
Depositary.
2. For each State or each regional economic
integration organization which ratifies, accepts or approves this Convention or
accedes thereto after the deposit of the fifteenth instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the
first day of the third month following the deposit by such State or such
organization of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession.
Article XIX
Denunciation
Any Party may denounce this Convention by written
notification to the Depositary at any time. The denunciation shall take effect
twelve months after the Depositary has received the notification.
Article XX
Depositary
1. The original of this Convention, in the English,
French, German, Russian and Spanish languages, each version being equally
authentic, shall be deposited with the Depositary. The Depositary shall
transmit certified copies of each of these versions to all States and all
regional economic integration organizations that have signed the Convention or
deposited instruments of accession to it.
2. The Depositary shall, after consultation with the
Governments concerned, prepare official versions of the text of this Convention
in the Arabic and Chinese languages.
3. The Depositary shall inform all signatory and
acceding States and all signatory and acceding regional economic integration
organizations and the Secretariat of signatures, deposit of instruments of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, entry into force of this
Convention, amendments thereto, specific reservations and notifications of
denunciation.
4. As soon as this Convention enters into force, a
certified copy thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary to the
Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication in
accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations. In witness
whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed this
Convention.
Done at Bonn on 23 June 1979.